Muhammad Amara, Prof.

• ​Language Education
• Language Policy
• Sociolinguistics
• Bilingual Education
• Language and Identity

​Sociolinguistics
Language Education Policy in the Arab World
Internet Linguistics
English Language Teaching Curricula

Books (Author)

1. Amara, M., & Kabaha, S. (1996). Identity Split: Political Division and Social Reflections. Giv’at Haviva: The Institute for Peace Studies, 198 pp. (In Hebrew)

2. Amara, M. (1999). Politics and Sociolinguistic Reflexes: Palestinian Border Villages. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 261 pp.

3. Spolsky, B., Amara, M., Tushyeh, H., & de Bot, K. (2000). Languages in Bethlehem: The sociolinguistic transformation of a Palestinian town. NIRP Research for Policy Series 5. Amsterdam: NIRP, 62 pp.

4. Amara, M.  & Mari, A. (2002). Language Education Policy: The Arab Minority in Israel. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishing, 200 pp.

This book was also translated into Arabic (Published 2004 by Dar al-Huda and Beit Berl Academic College, The Institute for Arabic Literature).

5. Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, I., Amara, M.  & Trumper-Hecht, N.  (2004). Linguistic Landscape and Multiculturalism: A Jewish Arab Comparative Study. Tel Aviv University: The Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research.

6. Amara, M. & Mar’i, A. (2008). Languages in Conflict: A Study of Linguistic Terms in the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Kufur Kare’ and Amman: Dar Al-Huda and Dar Al-Fiker (In Arabic), 329 pp.

7. *Amara, M. (2010). Arabic Language in Israel: Contexts and Challenges. Nazareth and Amman: Dar Al-Huda, Dirasat and Dar Al-Fiker.  (In Arabic), 304 pp.

8. *Amara, M. (2013). Arabic in Israel: Vision and Challenges. Nazareth: Dirasat- Arab Center for Law and Policy, Follow-Up Committee on Arab Education, and Arab Pedagogical Council. (In Arabic), 96 pp.

9. **Amara, M., Donitsa-Schmidt, S. & Mar’i, A. (2016). Arabic in the Israel Academy: Historical Absence, Current Challenges, and Future Possibilities. Jerusalem: Van Leer. (In Hebrew and Arabic), pp. 94.

10. **Amara, M. (2018). Language, Identity and Conflict: Arabic in Israel.  London & New York: Routledge, 208 pp.

Books (Editor)

1. Scwarswald, O., Spolsky, B., & Amara, M. (1997). Language and Society    in Israel. Balshanut Ivrit (Hebrew Linguistics) 41-42. (In Hebrew)

2. Amara, M.  (Ed.)    (2002). Language and Identity in Israel. Ramallah: MADAR. (In Arabic), 257 pp.

3. Mustafa, M.  & Ghanem, A. (2005). The Political Organization of the Palestinians in Israel. Series editor, M.  Amara. Tamra:  Ibn Khaldoun. Paper#1 (In Arabic), 66 pp.

4. Mari, A. (2006). Hebraizing names of Palestinian owns and Sites: Reflection and Extension to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Series editor, M. Amara. Tamra: Ibn Khaldoun. Paper#2 (In Arabic), 88 pp.

5. Amara, M (2006). Hebrew and its Impacts on the Arab-Palestinian Society in Israel. Series editor, M. Amara. Tamra: Ibn Khaldoun. Paper#3 (In Arabic), 55 pp.

6. Haj-Yehia, K., Arar, Kh. (2007). Access to Higher Education in Jordan among Palestinian Arab Students from Israel: Issues and Dilemmas. Tamra: Ibn Khaldoun. Paper#4 (In Arabic), 76 pp.

7. *Amara, M. (2013) (ed.). Arabic in the Eye of the Storm. Dirasat Yearbook, Vol. 6. Nazareth: Dirasat- The Arab Center for Law and Policy (In Arabic), 153pp.

Journal Articles

1. Amara, M., & Spolsky, B. (1986). The diffusion and integration of Hebrew and English lexical items in the Arabic spoken in an Israeli village. Anthropological Linguistics 28, 43-58.

2. Amara, M. (1994). The Arabic varieties spoken in an Arab village in Israel: A sociolinguistic perspective. Alcarmel 15: 7-28. (In Arabic)

3. Amara, M. (1995). Hebrew and English lexical reflections of socio-political changes in Palestinian Arabic. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 16, 3: 165-165-172.

4. Amara, M. (1996). The Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism in Israel. Terrorism and Political Violence. 8 (2): 155-170.

5. Amara, M., (1999). Le _discourse politique du fondamentaliste Islamique en Israël. Mèditerranèes, 20:129-141.

6. Amara, M. (2000a). Israeli Palestinians and the Palestinian Authority. MERIA Journal, 4 (1): 1-9.

7. Amara, M. (2002b). The Place of Arabic in Israel. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 158: 53-68.

8. Amara, M. (2002c). Hebrew among Arabs in Israel: Sociolinguistic aspects. Teuda 18:  85-105. (Hebrew).

9. Saban, I. & Amara, M. (2002). The Status of Arabic in Israel: Reflections on the Power of Law to Produce Social Change. Israel Law Review 36 (2): 5-39.

10.  Amara, M.  (2003a). The collective identity of the Arabs in Israel in the era of peace. Israel Affairs, 1& 2: 249-262.

11. Amara, M. (2003b). Recent foreign language education policies in Palestine. Language Problems and Language Planning, 27 (3): 217-231.

12. Saban, I. & Amara, M. (2004). The status of Arabic in Israel: Law, reality, and Reflections on the power of Law to Produce social change. State and Society4 (1): 885-910. (In Hebrew)

13. Amara, M. & Schnell, I. (2004).  Identity repertoire among Arabs in Israel. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30 (1): 175-193.

14. Amara, M.  (2005). Language, migration and urbanization:  The case of Bethlehem. Linguistics, 43 (5): 883-901.

15. Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, I., Amara, M.,   & Trumper-Hecht, N. (2006). Linguistic Landscape as a Symbolic Construction of the Public Space: The Case of Israel. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1): 7-30.

16. Amara, M. (2007a). Teaching Hebrew to Palestinian pupils in Israel. Current Issues in Language Planning, 8 (2): 243-257.

17. Amara, M. (2007b). The Hebrew language and its impact on the Palestinians in Israel. Israel Affairs (Qadaya Israiliyya), 27: 62-75. (In Arabic)

*18. Amara, M., Aziaza, F., Hertz-lazarowitz, R., & Mor-Soomerfeld, A. (2009a). A New Bilingual Education Model in the Conflict-Ridden Israeli Reality: Language Practices. Language and Education, 23 (1): 15-35.

*19. Amara, M (2009b). The Higher Follow-up Committee for the Arab Population in Israel.  JADAL, 1: 42-48. (In Arabic)

*20. Amara, M. (2010). The Arabic Language in the Future Vision Documents. ALMAJALLA, Journal of the Arabic Language Academy- Haifa 1: 17-32. (In Arabic)

*21. Azaiza, F., Hertz-Lazarowitz, R., Shoham, M., Amara, M., Mor-Sommerfeld, A. & ‘Ale, N. (2011a). Attitudes towards bilingual Arab–Hebrew education in Israel: a comparative study of Jewish and Arab adults. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 24 (2): 179–193

*22. Amara, M., & Mar’i, A. (2011b). Arab-Palestinian Identity Labels and their framing in Israeli Reality. Al-Hasad, 1: 83-100. (In Arabic)

*23. Amara, M., & Eghbaria, A. (2011c). The role of language in the Future Vision Documents in transforming the socio-political context in Israel: Lessons from bilingual education. Israel Studies in Language and Society, 4 (1): 98-116.

*24.   Amara, M. (2014) Palestinian Given Names in Israel and the West   Bank (Palestine). Political Boundaries and Socio-cultural Reflections. Al-Hasad 4: 59-82.

**25. Amara, M. (2016). Language, Identity and Conflict: Examining Collective Identity through the Labels of the Palestinians in Israel. Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 15(2): 203-223.

**26. Amara, M. (2017). The representation of cultural elements in English-language textbooks in Israel: Implications for Arab students. Israel Studies in Language and Society 10 (1): 101-128.

**27 Amara, M. (Accepted). Arabization, Globalization, and Hebraization Reflexes in Shop Names in the Palestinian Linguistic Landscape in Israel. Language and Intercultural Communication.

**28 Amara, M. & Mustafa, M. (2018). The transformation of the Palestinian discourse in Israel in the aftermath of 1977 changeover. Journal of Palestine Studies 115: 43-58.

**29 Amara, M. (2018). Palestinian Schoolscapes in Israel. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 3(7): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-018-0047-1

** 30 Magadley, W. & Amara, M. (2018). Alternative education in the Arab-Palestinian Society in Israel: a panacea? Al-Qasemi Journal of Islamic Studies, 3(1): 95-118.

Book Chapters

1. Amara, M., (1995). Arabic diglossia in the classroom: Assumptions and reality. Israel Oriental Studies. Vol. 15, Language and Culture in the Near East. Edited by Shlomo Izrae’el and Rina Drory. E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 131-142.

2. Amara, M. & Spolsky, B. (1996). The construction of identity in a divided Palestinian village. In Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa. Edited by Yasir Suleiman. London: Curzon Press, pp. 81-100.

3. Spolsky, B. & Amara, M.  (1997a). Politics and Language Change:  The sociolinguistic reflexes of the division of a Palestinian village. In Language and its Ecology: Essays in Memory of Einar Haugen. Edited by Eliasson, S. and Jahr, E.H.  Mouton de Gruyter. Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 100, pp. 35-74.

4. Amara, M. (1997b). Palestinian Education. In Teaching and Education: An Israeli Lexicon, edited by Y. Kashti, M. Arieli & S. Shlasky. Ramot: Tel Aviv University. PP. 213-214. (In Hebrew)

5. Amara, M. (1998). The Hamula in the Arab politics. In Arabs in the Israeli Politics: Identity Dilemmas, edited by Eli Rekhes. Tel Aviv University, Moshe Dayyan Center for Middle East and Africa. PP. 91-98. (In Hebrew)

6. Amara, M. (1999a). Hebrew and English Borrowings in Palestinian Arabic in Israel: A Social Linguistic Study in Lexical Integration and Diffusion. In Language and Society in the Middle East and North Africa: Studies in Variation and Identity. Edited by Yasir Suleiman. London: Curzon Press, pp.81-103.

7. Amara, M., Spolsky, B. & Tushyeh, H. (1999b). Sociolinguistic Reflexes of Socio-political Patterns in Bethlehem:  Preliminary Studies. In Language and Society in the Middle East and North Africa: Studies in Variation and Identity. Edited by Yasir Suleiman. London: Curzon Press, pp. 54-80.

8. Amara, M., (1999c). Identity Dilemma of Palestinians in Israel. In Identity and Education in Germany and Israel. Edited by A. Hoffman, I. Schnell, G. Stephan, G. Bräuer, & P.  Hamburg: Fenn. Fachverlag fur Wissenschaftliche Literaturg. pp 213-234.

9. Amara, M.  (1999d). Substantial Deterioration in the Status of the Arab Minority in Israel: Withdrawal from Democratic Dimensions and Approaching a Violent Destruction. In Seven Ways: Theoretical Options of the Status of the Arabs in Israel, edited by Ilan Pappe, As’ad Ghanem and Sara Ostatski- Lazar. Jewish-Arab Center for Peace: Giv’at Haviva. pp. 123-154 (In Hebrew)

10. Amara, M.   (2001). Arab Language Education in the Hebrew State. In New perspectives and Issues in Educational Language Policy. Edited by R. L. Cooper, E. Shohamy, and J. Walters. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:  John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 155-170.

11. Amara, M. (2002). The sociolinguistic fabric of the Arab Minority in the Hebrew State. In Language and Identity in Israel. Edited by M. Amara. Ramallah: MDAR, The Palestinian Institute for Israeli Studies. pp. 89-120.12.

12. Krisi, M. and Amara, M. (2002). The diffusion and integration of Hebrew lexical items in the spoken Amharic of an Israeli city. In Language and Identity in Israel. Edited by M. Amara. Ramallah: MADAR, The Palestinian Institute for Israeli Studies. pp. 175-204.

13. Amara, M., & Mar’i, A. (2002c). Examining the curricula of Hebrew and Arabic education for Arab pupils in Israel. In Values and Goals in Israel School Curricula, edited by Hofman, A. & Schnell, I. Rekhes and Beit Berl College. pp. 101-130 (In Hebrew)

14. Amara, M. (2003). The political behavior of Sephardi Jews in Israel. In Sephardi Jews in Israel: Reality and Future Possibilities. Beirut: The Center for Arab Unity Studies, pp. 107-134 (In Arabic)

15. Amara, M. (2004). The Arab minority and the Israeli politics: Between civil identity and national identity. In State and Community, edited by Moshe Naor. Jerusalem: Magnes, the Hebrew University. pp 132-42. (In Hebrew)

16. Amara, M. (2006a). Language and Religion in Bethlehem: A Socio-historical Linguistic Perspective. In the Sociology of Language and Religion. Edited by T. Omoniyi. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 180-196.

17. Amara, M.  (2006b). Ivrit loanwords in Arabic.   Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 2. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 464-467.

18. Amara, M. (2006c). Arabic in Israel. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.

19. Amara, M.  (2006c). Teaching Arabic in Israel. In Handbook for Arabic Language Teaching Professionals in the 21st Century. Edited by Kassem Wahba, Zeinab A, Taha and Liz England. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. pp. 81-96.

20. Amara, M. (2006d). Israel: Language Situation. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd Edition), vol. 9: 59-60. Elsevier: Oxford.

21. Amara, M. (2006e). Palestine (West Bank and Gaza): Language Situation. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd Edition), vol. 9: 141-142. Elsevier: Oxford.

22. *Amara, M. (2009a). The Hand in Hand Bilingual Education Model: Vision and Challenges. In the Multicultural Challenge in Israel. Edited  by Avi Sagi and Ohad Nachtomy. Boston: Academic Studies Press. pp.72-91.

23. *Amara, M. (2009b). Language Education Policies in Israel: A Jewish-Arab Comparative Perspective. In Active Faults across Language: The Coordinate Axis as ‘nation’ Awareness.  Edited by Y. Takashina.   Osaka University: Research Institute for World languages. pp. 37-46.

24. *Amara, M. (2010). Language and Identity: Impacts and Consequences on Arab Education in Israel. In Dirasat Book 3. Edited by Yousif Jabareen. Nazareth: Dirasat. pp. 23-33. (In Arabic)

25. *Amara, M. (2012). Towards Development of Research Agenda- Integration of Arab Women into the Labor Force: Applied Research as the Basis for Innovative Solutions. In Dirasat Book 5. Edited by Yousif Jabareen. Nazareth: Dirasat. pp. 22-31. (In Arabic)

*26. Amara, M. (2013a). Teaching programs of the Arabic language in the Arab Colleges in Israel. In Teacher Education in the Palestinian Society in Israel: Institutional Practices and Education Policy, edited by Ayman Agbaria. Tel-Aviv: Resling. pp. 77-90 (In Hebrew).

*27. Amara, M. Arab Population of Israel: Sociolinguistic Aspects (2013b) Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics (EHLL), Volume I: 124-128. Leiden & Boston: Brill.

*28.אמארה, מוחמד (2013). מעמדן של הערבית והעברית בנוף הלשוני בישראל ובירושלים המזרחית. בתוך במקום בו תרבויות נפגשות, עורכת ברזילי, נעימה, עע’ 26-18. אורנים המכללה האקדמית לחינוך, הפקולטה ללימודים מתקדמים.

*29. Amara, M. and Mustafa, M. (2013c). The Impact of the Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip on the Political Discourse of the Palestinians in Israel. In the Impact of the Occupation on Israeli Society. Edited by D. Bar-Tal & I. Schnell. Oxford: Oxford University press. p. 273-295.

*30. Amara, M.  (2014).  Policy and Teaching English to Palestinian Students in Israel: An Ecological Perspective to Language Education Polices. Minority languages and multilingual education. Edited by V. Zentoz, Z. Jasone, & D. Gorter. Springer. P. 105-118.

*31. Amara, M. (2015) Hebraization Reflexes in the Palestinian Language Landscape in Israel. Challenges for Language Education and Policy: Making Space for People. Edited by Spolsky, B., Inbar-Lourie, O. & Tannenbaum, M. NY and London: Routledge. P. 182-195.

**32. Mustafa, M. & Amara M. (2016). The 1977 Changeover: The emergence of new discourse among Palestinians in Israel. Handbook of Israel: The Major Debates, Vol. 1. Edited by Ben-Rafael, E., Schoeps, J.H., Sternberg, Y. &  Glöckner, O.   Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 505-522.

**33. Amara, M. (2018). Challenges of Arabic Language Education Policies in the Arab World. Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, edited by Benmamoun, A. & Bassiouney, R. NY & London: Routledge. pp. 546-559.

**34 Amara, M. (2018). War Names in the Arab-Israeli Conflict:  An Arab-Israeli Comparative Study. Language, Politics and Society in the Middle East. Edited by Al-Najaar, A., and Mendel, J. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 207-227.

**35. Amara, M. (Forthcoming). The role of the Islamic movement in maintaining Arabic in Israel. Maintenance and Revival in the Sociology of Language and Religion. Edited by Omoniyi, T., Pandharipande, R. and Ebsworth Eintein, M.     Multilingual Matters.

**36 Amara, M. (Forthcoming).  Arabic and Identity in the Conflict-ridden Reality in Israel. Handbook of Arabic and Identity, edited by R. Bassiouney & K Walters. NY & London: Routledge

Book Reviews

1. Amara, M. (2002). Review of Animal Equality: Language and Liberation. Language Policy 1 (3): 296-298.

2. Amara, M.H (2003).  Review of Yasir Suleiman, The Arabic language and national identity. Language in Society 33 (1): 143-146.

3. Amara, M.  (2004). Review of Tariq Rahman, Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India. Language Policy 3(1): 88-91.

4.       Amara, M. (2004). Review of Yasir Suleiman, A War of Words: Language and Conflict in the Middle East. The Middle East Journal 59 (1): 156-158.

5. Amara, M. (2007). Review of Salma Arraf, Sociolinguistic Impact of Ethnic- State Policies: The Effects on the Language Development of the Arab Population in Israel. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development.

*6.   Amara, M.  (2010). Review of Reem Bassiouney: Arabic Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2009, xvii + 311. Language Policy 9 (4): 379-81.

*7.     Amara, M. (2012).   Review of Yasir Suleiman, Arabic, Self and Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, x+ 271. Al-Hasad 2:291-295.

*8.     Amara, M. (2013). Review of Daniel Bar-Tal & Izhak Schnell, The Impacts of Lasting Occupation: Lesson from Israeli Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, xiii+576 al-Hasad 3

9*. אמארה, מ. (2014) עבד אלרחמן מרעי. ואללה בסדר: דיוקן לשוני של הערבים בישראל (العربية في إسرائيل). ירושלים: כתר. סוציולוגיה ישראלית טז

**10. Amara, M. (2016). Review of Yonatan Mendel, The Creation of Israeli Arabic: Political and Security Considerations in the Making of Arabic. Journal of Palestine Studies 178, (2), 153-155.

• ​Collective identity
• Arab-Jewish Divide in Israel